ARIA & Keyboard Patterns

Custom components need to behave like their native counterparts. ARIA attributes tell assistive technologies what a component is and what state it’s in. Keyboard patterns let users interact without a mouse. Together, they make custom UI accessible.

This page provides both human-readable guidance and machine-parseable specifications for AI agents and design systems.

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The First Rule of ARIA

Use native HTML elements when possible. A <button> is automatically accessible. A <div onclick> needs extensive work to match it. ARIA is for filling gaps, not replacing good HTML.

“No ARIA is better than bad ARIA.” — W3C WAI

Native elements provide keyboard support, focus management, and screen reader announcements for free. When you must build custom widgets, follow the patterns in this guide exactly.

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Specifications (MCP-Optimized)

Role Requirements

Role	Required Attributes	Keyboard Support	Container Relationship
button	accessible name	Enter, Space	None
link	accessible name, href equivalent	Enter	None
checkbox	aria-checked	Space	None
radio	aria-checked	Arrow keys, Space	radiogroup
tab	aria-selected	Arrow keys	tablist
tabpanel	aria-labelledby	Tab (into)	linked to tab
menuitem	accessible name	Enter, Space, Arrows	menu or menubar
option	aria-selected	Arrow keys, Enter	listbox
treeitem	aria-expanded (if parent)	Arrow keys	tree → group
dialog	aria-labelledby, aria-modal	Tab (trapped), Escape	None
alertdialog	aria-labelledby, aria-describedby	Tab (trapped), Escape	None
slider	aria-valuenow, aria-valuemin, aria-valuemax	Arrow keys, Home, End	None
combobox	aria-expanded, aria-controls	Arrow keys, Enter, Escape	controls listbox

Accessible Name Requirements

Element Type	Primary Method	Fallback Methods	WCAG
Button with text	Text content	aria-label, aria-labelledby	4.1.2
Icon button	aria-label	aria-labelledby, visually hidden text	4.1.2
Input field	Associated <label>	aria-label, aria-labelledby	1.3.1, 4.1.2
Landmark region	aria-label or aria-labelledby	—	1.3.1
Dialog	aria-labelledby (to heading)	aria-label	4.1.2
Image	alt attribute	aria-label, aria-labelledby	1.1.1

Focus Indicator Requirements

Requirement	Specification	WCAG
Minimum contrast	3:1 against adjacent colors	2.4.7, 2.4.11
Minimum area	1px solid outline OR equivalent	2.4.11
Enhanced area	2px solid outline, offset for visibility	2.4.12
Never hidden	outline: none requires custom replacement	2.4.7
Visibility	Focus indicator must not be obscured	2.4.11

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Validation Rules (for MCP/AI)

rules:
  # Role and Name Validation
  - id: aria-role-valid
    severity: error
    check: "role attribute value is a valid WAI-ARIA role"
    selector: "[role]"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-name-required
    severity: error
    check: "Interactive elements have accessible name (text content, aria-label, or aria-labelledby)"
    selector: "button, a[href], input, select, textarea, [role='button'], [role='link'], [role='checkbox'], [role='tab'], [role='menuitem']"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-button-name
    severity: error
    check: "Buttons have accessible name (text content, aria-label, aria-labelledby, or title)"
    selector: "button, [role='button']"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-icon-button-label
    severity: error
    check: "Icon-only buttons have aria-label or visually hidden text"
    selector: "button:not(:has(visible-text)), [role='button']:not(:has(visible-text))"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  # State Validation
  - id: aria-checkbox-state
    severity: error
    check: "checkbox role has aria-checked attribute"
    selector: "[role='checkbox']"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-expanded-state
    severity: error
    check: "Expandable controls have aria-expanded (true/false)"
    selector: "[aria-haspopup], [aria-controls]:has(+ [hidden]), button:controls-disclosure"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-selected-state
    severity: error
    check: "Selectable items (tabs, options) have aria-selected"
    selector: "[role='tab'], [role='option']"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: aria-current-navigation
    severity: warning
    check: "Current page in navigation uses aria-current='page'"
    selector: "nav a[href]:current-page"
    wcag: "1.3.1 AA"

  # Keyboard Validation
  - id: keyboard-focusable
    severity: error
    check: "Interactive elements are keyboard focusable (tabindex >= -1 for custom, or native)"
    selector: "[role='button'], [role='link'], [role='checkbox'], [role='tab'], [role='menuitem'], [onclick], [onkeydown]"
    wcag: "2.1.1 AA"

  - id: keyboard-operable
    severity: error
    check: "Custom interactive elements respond to Enter/Space (buttons) or appropriate keys"
    selector: "[role='button']:not(button), [role='link']:not(a)"
    wcag: "2.1.1 AA"

  - id: focus-visible
    severity: error
    check: "Focus indicator visible with ≥3:1 contrast ratio"
    selector: ":focus-visible"
    wcag: "2.4.7 AA"

  - id: focus-not-obscured
    severity: error
    check: "Focused element not entirely hidden by other content"
    selector: ":focus"
    wcag: "2.4.11 AA"

  # Dialog Validation
  - id: dialog-label
    severity: error
    check: "Dialog has aria-labelledby pointing to heading or aria-label"
    selector: "[role='dialog'], [role='alertdialog'], dialog"
    wcag: "4.1.2 AA"

  - id: dialog-focus-trap
    severity: error
    check: "Modal dialog traps focus (Tab cycles within, no escape to background)"
    selector: "[role='dialog'][aria-modal='true'], dialog[open]"
    wcag: "2.4.3 AA"

  - id: dialog-escape
    severity: warning
    check: "Dismissible dialog closes on Escape key"
    selector: "[role='dialog'], dialog"
    wcag: "2.1.1 AA"

  - id: dialog-focus-return
    severity: error
    check: "Focus returns to trigger element when dialog closes"
    selector: "[role='dialog'], dialog"
    wcag: "2.4.3 AA"

  # Live Region Validation
  - id: live-region-appropriate
    severity: warning
    check: "aria-live='assertive' and role='alert' used sparingly (interrupts user)"
    selector: "[aria-live='assertive'], [role='alert']"
    wcag: "4.1.3 AA"

  - id: status-message
    severity: warning
    check: "Status messages use aria-live='polite' or role='status'"
    selector: ".status-message, .toast:not(.error)"
    wcag: "4.1.3 AA"

---

Roles, Names, and States

Every interactive element needs three things:

Role

What kind of thing is this? Roles tell assistive technology how to treat an element.

<!-- Basic roles -->
<div role="button">Click me</div>
<div role="tab">Settings</div>
<div role="dialog" aria-modal="true">...</div>

<!-- Container roles -->
<div role="tablist">
  <button role="tab">Tab 1</button>
</div>
<ul role="menu">
  <li role="menuitem">Option 1</li>
</ul>

Role categories:

• Widget roles: button, checkbox, link, menuitem, option, radio, slider, tab, treeitem
• Composite roles: combobox, grid, listbox, menu, menubar, radiogroup, tablist, tree
• Document structure: article, cell, columnheader, definition, figure, group, heading, img, list, listitem, row, rowgroup, table
• Landmark roles: banner, complementary, contentinfo, form, main, navigation, region, search

Accessible Name

What is this specific thing called? Screen readers announce this.

<!-- Text content provides name -->
<button>Save Document</button>

<!-- aria-label for icon buttons -->
<button aria-label="Close">
  <svg><!-- X icon --></svg>
</button>

<!-- aria-labelledby references another element -->
<h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Delete</h2>
<div role="dialog" aria-labelledby="dialog-title">...</div>

<!-- Multiple sources via aria-labelledby -->
<span id="action">Delete</span>
<span id="item">user.jpg</span>
<button aria-labelledby="action item"><!-- "Delete user.jpg" --></button>

Name computation priority (simplified):

1. aria-labelledby (highest)
2. aria-label
3. Native label (<label>, alt, text content)
4. title (lowest—avoid as sole source)

State

What’s happening with this thing right now?

<!-- Expanded/collapsed -->
<button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu1">Menu</button>

<!-- Selected -->
<div role="tab" aria-selected="true">Active Tab</div>

<!-- Checked (checkbox, radio, switch) -->
<div role="checkbox" aria-checked="true">Agree to terms</div>
<div role="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed">Select all (partial)</div>

<!-- Invalid input -->
<input aria-invalid="true" aria-describedby="error-msg">
<span id="error-msg">Email format is invalid</span>

<!-- Disabled vs aria-disabled -->
<button disabled>Can't click (removed from tab order)</button>
<button aria-disabled="true">Can't activate (still focusable)</button>

<!-- Busy/loading -->
<div role="status" aria-busy="true">Loading...</div>

<!-- Current item in navigation -->
<a href="/about" aria-current="page">About</a>

---

Common Keyboard Patterns

Decision Logic: Which Pattern to Use

IF component is a menu or menubar:
  USE menu keyboard pattern (arrow navigation, type-ahead)

IF component is tabs:
  USE tab keyboard pattern (arrows between tabs, Tab into panel)

IF component is a tree:
  USE tree keyboard pattern (arrows + expand/collapse)

IF component is a listbox or combobox dropdown:
  USE listbox keyboard pattern (arrows, type-ahead, Enter to select)

IF component is a dialog:
  USE dialog keyboard pattern (focus trap, Escape to close)

IF component is a single toggle (checkbox, switch):
  USE Space to toggle

IF component is a button:
  USE Enter and Space to activate

IF component is a slider:
  USE Arrow keys for increment, Home/End for min/max

Menu Pattern

Applies to: menu, menubar, dropdown menus, context menus

Key	Action
Arrow Down	Move to next item (or first if on last)
Arrow Up	Move to previous item (or last if on first)
Arrow Right	Open submenu (if present), or move to next menubar item
Arrow Left	Close submenu, or move to previous menubar item
Home	Move to first item
End	Move to last item
Enter / Space	Activate current item
Escape	Close menu, return focus to trigger
A-Z (type-ahead)	Move to next item starting with that letter

<button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="file-menu">
  File
</button>
<ul id="file-menu" role="menu" hidden>
  <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">New</li>
  <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Open</li>
  <li role="separator"></li>
  <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1">Save</li>
</ul>

Dialog (Modal) Pattern

Applies to: dialog, alertdialog, modal windows, popovers

Key	Action
Tab	Move to next focusable element (cycles within dialog)
Shift+Tab	Move to previous focusable element (cycles within dialog)
Escape	Close dialog (if dismissible)
Enter	Activate default button (if defined)

Focus management requirements:

// Opening a dialog
function openDialog(dialogEl, triggerEl) {
  // 1. Store trigger for focus return
  dialogEl.dataset.trigger = triggerEl.id;

  // 2. Show dialog
  dialogEl.hidden = false;
  dialogEl.setAttribute('aria-modal', 'true');

  // 3. Make background inert
  document.querySelector('main').inert = true;

  // 4. Move focus into dialog
  const focusTarget = dialogEl.querySelector(
    '[autofocus], h1, h2, [tabindex="-1"]'
  ) || dialogEl.querySelector('button, [href], input');
  focusTarget?.focus();

  // 5. Set up focus trap
  trapFocus(dialogEl);
}

// Closing a dialog
function closeDialog(dialogEl) {
  // 1. Hide dialog
  dialogEl.hidden = true;
  dialogEl.removeAttribute('aria-modal');

  // 2. Remove inert from background
  document.querySelector('main').inert = false;

  // 3. Return focus to trigger
  const triggerId = dialogEl.dataset.trigger;
  document.getElementById(triggerId)?.focus();
}

Using native <dialog> element (recommended):

<dialog id="confirm-dialog" aria-labelledby="dialog-heading">
  <h2 id="dialog-heading">Confirm Action</h2>
  <p>Are you sure you want to proceed?</p>
  <form method="dialog">
    <button value="cancel">Cancel</button>
    <button value="confirm" autofocus>Confirm</button>
  </form>
</dialog>

<script>
const dialog = document.getElementById('confirm-dialog');
const trigger = document.getElementById('open-btn');

trigger.addEventListener('click', () => {
  dialog.showModal(); // Automatically traps focus, handles Escape
});

dialog.addEventListener('close', () => {
  trigger.focus(); // Return focus to trigger
});
</script>

Tab Pattern

Applies to: tablist, tab, tabpanel

Key	Action
Arrow Left/Up	Move to previous tab
Arrow Right/Down	Move to next tab
Home	Move to first tab
End	Move to last tab
Tab	Move focus from tabs into active tabpanel
Shift+Tab	Move focus from tabpanel back to active tab

Automatic vs manual activation:

• Automatic: Tab content shows immediately when arrow key moves focus
• Manual: User must press Enter/Space to show tab content after focusing

<div role="tablist" aria-label="Account settings">
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1"
          id="tab-1" tabindex="0">
    Profile
  </button>
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2"
          id="tab-2" tabindex="-1">
    Security
  </button>
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-3"
          id="tab-3" tabindex="-1">
    Notifications
  </button>
</div>

<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-1" aria-labelledby="tab-1" tabindex="0">
  <!-- Profile content -->
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-2" aria-labelledby="tab-2" hidden>
  <!-- Security content -->
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel-3" aria-labelledby="tab-3" hidden>
  <!-- Notifications content -->
</div>

Tree Pattern

Applies to: tree, treeitem, file browsers, nested navigation

Key	Action
Arrow Down	Move to next visible node
Arrow Up	Move to previous visible node
Arrow Right	Expand collapsed node, or move to first child
Arrow Left	Collapse expanded node, or move to parent
Home	Move to first node
End	Move to last visible node
Enter	Activate node (open file, navigate)
Space	Toggle selection (if selectable)
*	Expand all siblings
A-Z	Move to next node starting with letter

<ul role="tree" aria-label="File browser">
  <li role="treeitem" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0">
    Documents
    <ul role="group">
      <li role="treeitem" tabindex="-1">Resume.pdf</li>
      <li role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="-1">
        Projects
        <ul role="group">
          <li role="treeitem" tabindex="-1">Project-A.doc</li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

Listbox Pattern

Applies to: listbox, option, custom dropdowns, autocomplete

Key	Action
Arrow Down	Move to next option
Arrow Up	Move to previous option
Home	Move to first option
End	Move to last option
Enter	Select current option
Escape	Close listbox (in combobox), clear selection
A-Z	Type-ahead to matching option

<label id="color-label">Choose a color</label>
<div role="listbox" aria-labelledby="color-label" tabindex="0">
  <div role="option" aria-selected="true" id="opt-1">Red</div>
  <div role="option" aria-selected="false" id="opt-2">Green</div>
  <div role="option" aria-selected="false" id="opt-3">Blue</div>
</div>

---

Focus Management

Roving Tabindex

Only one item in a composite widget should be in the tab order at a time. Arrow keys move focus between items.

<!-- Only the focused item has tabindex="0" -->
<div role="tablist">
  <button role="tab" tabindex="0">Tab 1</button>  <!-- Focused -->
  <button role="tab" tabindex="-1">Tab 2</button>
  <button role="tab" tabindex="-1">Tab 3</button>
</div>

function rovingTabindex(container, items, direction) {
  const currentIndex = items.findIndex(item => item.tabIndex === 0);
  let newIndex;

  if (direction === 'next') {
    newIndex = (currentIndex + 1) % items.length;
  } else {
    newIndex = (currentIndex - 1 + items.length) % items.length;
  }

  // Update tabindex
  items[currentIndex].tabIndex = -1;
  items[newIndex].tabIndex = 0;
  items[newIndex].focus();
}

Focus Trap

In dialogs, keep Tab cycling within the dialog. The inert attribute (now baseline available in all browsers since April 2023) is the modern solution.

function trapFocus(container) {
  const focusable = container.querySelectorAll(
    'button, [href], input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
  );
  const firstFocusable = focusable[0];
  const lastFocusable = focusable[focusable.length - 1];

  container.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
    if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;

    if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === firstFocusable) {
      e.preventDefault();
      lastFocusable.focus();
    } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === lastFocusable) {
      e.preventDefault();
      firstFocusable.focus();
    }
  });
}

Modern approach using inert:

function openModal(dialogEl) {
  // Make everything except dialog inert
  document.querySelectorAll('body > *:not(dialog)').forEach(el => {
    el.inert = true;
  });
  dialogEl.showModal();
}

function closeModal(dialogEl) {
  document.querySelectorAll('[inert]').forEach(el => {
    el.inert = false;
  });
  dialogEl.close();
}

Focus Restoration

When a component closes, return focus to the element that triggered it.

class Dialog {
  #triggerElement = null;

  open(triggerEl) {
    this.#triggerElement = triggerEl;
    this.element.showModal();
  }

  close() {
    this.element.close();
    this.#triggerElement?.focus();
    this.#triggerElement = null;
  }
}

Focus Placement Decision Logic

WHEN opening a dialog:
  IF dialog has a form with an input that needs immediate attention:
    FOCUS the first input field
  ELSE IF dialog is a simple confirmation with brief message:
    FOCUS the primary action button (e.g., "Confirm")
    SET aria-describedby to reference message text
  ELSE IF dialog has complex content or unexpected information:
    FOCUS the dialog heading (with tabindex="-1")
    OR FOCUS the dialog element itself (with tabindex="-1")
  ELSE IF dialog has a close button and is purely informational:
    FOCUS the close button

WHEN dialog trigger is removed from DOM:
  FOCUS the nearest logical location (parent container, main content start)
  OR FOCUS document.body as fallback

WHEN dialog was not user-initiated (e.g., timeout warning):
  ENSURE user understands context (aria-describedby for explanation)
  FOCUS the primary action

---

Live Regions

Announce dynamic content changes to screen readers without moving focus.

Live Region Types

Attribute/Role	Behavior	Use Case
aria-live="polite"	Announce after current speech	Status updates, non-urgent info
aria-live="assertive"	Interrupt immediately	Time-sensitive alerts
role="status"	Implies aria-live="polite"	Progress, results count
role="alert"	Implies aria-live="assertive"	Errors, warnings
role="log"	Polite, new content appended	Chat messages, activity feeds
role="timer"	Not typically announced	Countdown displays
role="marquee"	Not typically announced	Stock tickers

Implementation

<!-- Status message (polite) -->
<div role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  <!-- Content updated via JavaScript -->
</div>

<!-- Error alert (assertive) -->
<div role="alert">
  Error: Please enter a valid email address.
</div>

<!-- Search results count -->
<div role="status">
  <span id="results-count">25 results found</span>
</div>

Key attributes:

• aria-atomic="true": Announce entire region content, not just changes
• aria-relevant: What types of changes to announce (additions, removals, text, all)

Decision Logic: Polite vs Assertive

IF update is an error that blocks user progress:
  USE role="alert" (assertive)

IF update is a form validation error:
  USE aria-describedby on input + aria-invalid="true"
  OPTIONALLY add role="alert" for immediate feedback

IF update is a success message after action:
  USE role="status" (polite)

IF update is background information (loading, counts):
  USE role="status" (polite)

IF update is time-sensitive (session timeout):
  USE role="alert" (assertive)

DEFAULT to polite; assertive should be rare

---

Code Patterns

Accessible Button

<!-- Native button (preferred) -->
<button type="button" onclick="handleClick()">
  Save Changes
</button>

<!-- Icon button with label -->
<button type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" onclick="closeDialog()">
  <svg aria-hidden="true"><!-- X icon --></svg>
</button>

<!-- Custom button (when native isn't possible) -->
<div role="button"
     tabindex="0"
     onclick="handleClick()"
     onkeydown="handleKeyDown(event)">
  Save Changes
</div>

<script>
function handleKeyDown(event) {
  if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {
    event.preventDefault();
    handleClick();
  }
}
</script>

Accessible Disclosure (Expand/Collapse)

<button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="details-panel">
  Show Details
</button>
<div id="details-panel" hidden>
  <p>Additional details here...</p>
</div>

<script>
const btn = document.querySelector('[aria-expanded]');
const panel = document.getElementById('details-panel');

btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
  const expanded = btn.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
  btn.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !expanded);
  panel.hidden = expanded;
});
</script>

Accessible Combobox (Autocomplete)

<label for="city-input">City</label>
<div class="combobox-container">
  <input type="text"
         id="city-input"
         role="combobox"
         aria-expanded="false"
         aria-autocomplete="list"
         aria-controls="city-listbox"
         aria-activedescendant="">
  <ul id="city-listbox" role="listbox" hidden>
    <li role="option" id="opt-nyc">New York</li>
    <li role="option" id="opt-la">Los Angeles</li>
    <li role="option" id="opt-chi">Chicago</li>
  </ul>
</div>

Skip Link

<a href="#main-content" class="skip-link">
  Skip to main content
</a>

<!-- Later in document -->
<main id="main-content" tabindex="-1">
  <!-- Main content -->
</main>

<style>
.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  top: -40px;
  left: 0;
  padding: 8px;
  background: #000;
  color: #fff;
  z-index: 100;
}
.skip-link:focus {
  top: 0;
}
</style>

---

WAI-ARIA 1.3 Updates (2024)

The WAI-ARIA 1.3 Working Draft (January 2024) introduces several new features:

New Roles

Role	Purpose	Example Use
suggestion	Editorial suggestions	Track changes, comments
comment	User comments	Document annotations
mark	Highlighted text	Search result highlighting
code	Code snippets	Inline code (like <code>)
time	Time values	Dates, durations
image	Images (replaces img)	Consistent with other roles

New Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Benefit
aria-description	Additional description	More context beyond label
aria-braillelabel	Braille-specific label	Optimized for braille displays
aria-brailleroledescription	Braille role description	Contextual info for braille

Updated Features

• aria-details now supports multiple IDrefs
• Clarified aria-haspopup behavior
• Enhanced accessibility tree definitions

Note: Browser and assistive technology support is gradual. Test before relying on 1.3 features.

---

Implementation Checklist

For Every Interactive Element

• Has appropriate role (native element or ARIA)
• Has accessible name (visible text, aria-label, or aria-labelledby)
• Is keyboard focusable (tabindex if custom)
• Responds to appropriate keys (Enter/Space for buttons)
• Has visible focus indicator (3:1 contrast minimum)
• Has appropriate states (aria-expanded, aria-selected, etc.)

For Composite Widgets (Menus, Tabs, Trees)

• Uses roving tabindex (only one tabindex="0")
• Arrow keys navigate between items
• Home/End jump to first/last
• Escape closes (for menus, dialogs)
• Type-ahead works (for menus, listboxes)

For Dialogs

• Has role="dialog" (or uses <dialog>)
• Has aria-modal="true" (or uses showModal())
• Has aria-labelledby pointing to heading
• Focus moves into dialog on open
• Focus is trapped within dialog
• Escape closes dialog
• Focus returns to trigger on close
• Background content is inert

For Live Regions

• Uses appropriate politeness (polite default, assertive rare)
• Region exists in DOM before content changes
• aria-atomic set correctly for context
• Not overused (causes screen reader noise)

---

Common Mistakes

Mistake	Problem	Solution
role="button" without keyboard	Custom buttons not operable	Add tabindex="0" + Enter/Space handler
Missing accessible name	Screen readers announce “button” only	Add aria-label or visible text
Focus escapes modal	Users can Tab to hidden content	Use inert on background or focus trap
aria-live="assertive" overuse	Constant interruptions	Default to polite; assertive for errors only
No focus return	Users lost after dialog closes	Store and restore trigger element
outline: none without replacement	Focus invisible to keyboard users	Custom :focus-visible styles
Disabled via CSS only	Focusable but inactive (confusing)	Use disabled attribute or aria-disabled
Duplicate IDs	aria-labelledby references wrong element	Ensure unique IDs
Missing expanded state	No indication dropdown is open	Add aria-expanded to trigger
Tab key in tablist	Breaks expected pattern	Arrow keys for tabs; Tab exits to panel

---

Testing with Screen Readers

WebAIM Survey Findings (2024)

The WebAIM Screen Reader Survey #10 (2024) found:

• JAWS: 41% of respondents
• NVDA: 38% of respondents
• VoiceOver: Primary for macOS/iOS
• Preferred browser: Chrome (52%), Edge (19%), Firefox (16%)

Testing Checklist

For each widget, verify:

1. Role announced: “button”, “tab”, “menu”, etc.
2. Name announced: The label text
3. State announced: “expanded”, “selected”, “checked”
4. Keyboard works: All patterns function correctly
5. Focus mode active: For complex widgets, screen reader uses Focus mode (not Browse mode)

Screen Reader Commands

Screen Reader	Enter Focus Mode	Exit Focus Mode
JAWS	Enter on widget	Escape or Num Pad +
NVDA	NVDA + Space	Escape or NVDA + Space
VoiceOver	VO + Shift + Down	VO + Shift + Up

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Recent Research (2024-2025)

Navigation Patterns Study

The WebAIM Screen Reader Survey #10 revealed navigation preferences:

• Headings: Most common method for finding information
• Landmarks/regions: Usage increased to 31.8% in 2024 (reversing decline)
• Skip links: Still important for long pages

Design implication: Ensure proper heading hierarchy and landmark regions, not just ARIA widgets.

Persona Research: Wide Variation in User Behavior

Research published in PMC found wide variations in screen reader user approaches:

• Some users navigate linearly, skipping uninteresting sections
• Others use headings primarily
• Younger users may use regions more frequently
• Users give up after a few minutes on difficult sites

Design implication: Support multiple navigation strategies; don’t assume one “correct” approach.

Desktop vs Mobile

From the WebAIM survey:

• 58% prefer mobile apps over websites (up from 51.8% in 2021)
• Physical keyboards provide more control than touchscreens
• Keyboard commands (accelerators) let users bypass sequential navigation

Design implication: Mobile apps need extra attention to accessibility; web apps should support keyboard power users.

Inert Attribute Support

The inert attribute reached baseline browser support in April 2023 (over 90% support):

• Native <dialog> with showModal() automatically makes background inert
• Can be applied to any element to remove from tab order and accessibility tree
• Simpler than JavaScript focus traps for many use cases

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References

Official Standards:

• WAI-ARIA 1.2 Specification
• WAI-ARIA 1.3 Working Draft
• ARIA Authoring Practices Guide (APG)
• WCAG 2.2

APG Design Patterns:

• Menu Button Pattern
• Dialog (Modal) Pattern
• Tabs Pattern
• Tree View Pattern
• Developing a Keyboard Interface

Practical Resources:

• MDN ARIA Roles Reference
• WebAIM Keyboard Accessibility
• The Inert Attribute (web.dev)
• Modal Dialog Accessibility (TPGi)

Research:

• WebAIM Screen Reader Survey #10 (2024)
• WAI-ARIA 1.3 FPWD Announcement
• ARIA 1.3 New Features (Orange)

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See Also

• Accessible Typography — Font sizing and contrast for readability
• Touch Targets & Spacing — Minimum sizes for interactive elements
• CSS/JSON Design Tokens — Token definitions for design systems
• Testing & Audit Tools — How to test ARIA implementation
• WCAG Guidelines — Full accessibility criteria
• Navigation Patterns — Landmark regions and skip links
• Notifications & Feedback — Live region usage patterns